دسته: مواد و متالوژیبازدید: 1 بار
فرمت فایل: doc
حجم فایل: 121 کیلوبایت
تعداد صفحات فایل: 136
تحقیق فوق در مورد متالوژی فعالیتهای فنی میباشدکه با متن مقاله فوق با متن انگلیسی است
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METALLURGY Technical Activities
METALLURGY
Technical Activities
1997
NISTIR 6066
U.S. Department of Commerce
Technology Administration
National Institute of Standards
and Technology
Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory
Certain companies and commercial products are mentioned in this report. They are used to either
completely specify a procedure or describe an interaction with NIST. Such mention is not meant as
an endorsement by NIST or to represent the best choice for that purpose.
ii
METALLURGY DIVISION
CHIEF
Carol A. Handwerker
Phone (301) 975-6158
DEPUTY CHIEF
Robert J. Schaefer
Phone (301) 975-5961
GROUP LEADERS
Electrochemical Processing
Gery R. Stafford
Phone (301) 975-6412
Magnetic Materials
Robert D. Shull
Phone (301) 975-6035
Materials Performance
E. Neville Pugh
Phone (301) 975-4679
Materials Structure and Characterization
Frank W. Gayle
Phone (301) 975-6161
Metallurgical Processing
John R. Manning
Phone (301) 975-6157
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ELECTRONIC PACKAGING, INTERCONNECTION AND ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lead-Free Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
High-Temperature Solders for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Solderability Measurements for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Solder Interconnect Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Stress Measurements in Electronic Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Solder Jet Printing for Microelectronics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
INTELLIGENT PROCESSING OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Solidification Path Modeling for Casting of Multicomponent Aerospace Alloys . . . . . . 22
Generation of Grain Defects Near Corners and Edges in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Porosity in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Thermophysical Data for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Magnetics for Steel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
MAGNETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Giant Magnetoresistance Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Processing and Micromagnetics of Thin Magnetic Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
METALS DATA AND CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Thermophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Microstructural Studies of Complex Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multilayered Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Hardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Magnetic Properties and Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Performance of Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Performance of Materials in Corrosive Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Magneto-Optical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Development of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
METALS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Processing of Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Solidification Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
iv
Sensors and Diagnostics for Thermal Spray Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Electrodeposition of Alumium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Electrodeposited Coating Thickness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Gold Microhardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Electrogalvanzied Coatings on Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Electrodeposited Chromium from Trivalent Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Electrochemical Processing of Nanoscale Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
DENTAL AND MEDICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Advanced Restorative Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
EVALUATED MATERIALS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Magnetic Properties of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ADDITIONAL OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
RESEARCH STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metallurgy Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Materials Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
National Institute of Standards & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
v
INTRODUCTION
Carol A. Handwerker, Chief
This report describes the major technical activities and accomplishments of the Metallurgy
Division in 1997, and, therefore, reflects the research priorities established after extensive
consultation and collaboration with our customers in US industry. It also reflects the Program
planning and management structure that we have developed within the Materials Science and
Engineering Laboratory (MSEL) to meet the identified needs of the Nation’s measurement and
standards infrastructure. The Division is organized administratively into groups that represent the
Division’s core expertise in Metallurgical Processing, Electrochemical Processing, Magnetic
Materials, Materials Structure and Characterization, and Materials Performance. However, by
virtue of the interdisciplinary nature of materials science and engineering, the Program teams cut
across the Division’s management groups and, in many cases, cut across MSEL Divisions and the
NIST Laboratories in order to best meet the scientific and technical needs of our customers. We
hope that this report provides insight into how our research programs meet the objectives of our
customers, how the capabilities of the Metallurgy Division are being used to solve problems
important to the national economy and the measurements and standards infrastructure, and how we
interact with our customers to establish new priorities and programs. We welcome advice and
suggestions from our customers on how we can better serve their needs.
The NIST Metallurgy Division mission is to provide measurement methods, standards, and
a fundamental understanding of materials behavior to aid US industry in the more effective
production and use of both traditional and emerging materials. As part of this mission we are
responsible not only for developing new measurement methodologies with broad applicability
across materials classes and industries, but also for working with individual industry groups to
develop and integrate measurements, standards, and evaluated data for specific, technologically
important applications.
The Metallurgy Division philosophy is that the development of measurement methods must
be coupled with a fundamental understanding of the relationship among materials structure,
processing, and properties in order to have a lasting impact in measurement science and the
industries we serve. Two examples of this philosophy are:
• Beginning in 1990, NIST set up a major new research program specifically aimed at
providing the scientific understanding and measurement capability needed to enable U.S.
industry to make the best GMR materials in the world. This program was centered on a
new facility, known as the Magnetic Engineering Research Facility (MERF), which is one
of the most advanced magnetic thin-film production plants ever constructed. From the
beginning, NIST researchers have developed the measurement techniques, clarified the
scientific issues, and established the manufacturing processes needed to produce the
highest quality GMR materials. Once again this year, research at MERF is defining the
state-of-the-art in magnetic thin film fabrication. NIST researchers at MERF set a new
record for the largest value ever recorded in the type of material (a spin valve with one Cu
layer) best suited to commercial products, discovered that increasing specular electron
1
scattering at the top and bottom surfaces of a spin valve plays a key role in achieving the
largest possible GMR values, and found two processing methods for increasing specular
electron scattering. These NIST discoveries were transferred to U.S. industry as quickly
as possible for implementation in its manufacturing facilities.
• Thermal barrier coatings protect engine parts from the elevated temperatures of the
combustion process. It had been proposed that the presence of the numerous interfaces in
multilayer thermal barrier coatings decreases their thermal conductivity, making multilayer
coatings more effective thermal barriers than the materials from which they are
تعداد صفحات فایل: 136
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